24 PSI at 64* is the equilibrium temp for the carbonation level you want. Just like 11 psi at 40*, or whatever, is your equilbrium temp in the fridge. The rules are the same.
At 24 PSI and 64*, it will take about 2 weeks to carb up, (just like it takes about two weeks with the "set it and forget it" system in your fridge). It will NOT overcarb at those conditions. You can leave it on the gas forever at 24 PSI and 64*, with no problems. Once you are ready to chill/drink it, disconnect the gas, put it in your fridge, wait 12-24 hrs for the beer to cool down. Hook it back up to gas at the fridge pressure, (10-14 PSI, whatever beersmith says for the same volumes of CO2 at your fridge temp), and serve. (Headspace pressure will drop from 24 psi to around 10-14 psi as it cools, you will not lose carbonation during this process).
If you want to rush it at room temp, you can, just like you can rush it at fridge temp. Rushing at fridge temp means cranking up the pressure to 25-35 PSI for a few days. Rushing at room temp means cranking up to 55-60 psi for a few days. Really though, if you are carbing up outside of the fridge, where space is no longer a premium, it's better to not risk overcarbing by burst carbing and instead just set and forget it at 24 psi.
Edit: Missed your second question. They will keep indefinitely at that temperature. Especially when carbonated, assuming no leaks in your kegs, they'll keep for upwards of a year at least if you are unlucky, and upwards of a decade if you are lucky.