Assuming a cider alcohol content of 6% abv, 15% of your original fluid will be left over to produce a 40% abv Applejack.
So 150 milliliters to every liter.
Closer to 9 to 12 ml FAJC, assuming you're using 12 oz bottles. Multiply by 4 for regular apple juice.
Oops, i missed that you replied with your bottle size. For 500ml bottles it looks like around 12.5 ml to 16.5 ml FAJC.
FAJC=Frozen Apple Juice Concentrate. You should be able to find it in any grocery store. You can always buy it online too. Amazon sells it. I usually add between 3-4 oz of FAJC per gallon, or 12-16 oz of regular apple juice.
It would be difficult to measure that out into individual...
I've pasteurized a couple dozen flip tops. Haven't seen them flip open yet, but I've seen them leaking CO2 because the seals couldn't handle either the heat or extra pressure for the heat. However, I bought these High Pressure Grolsch seals and they seem to hold up better.
That's fine. There's no reason at all to expose it to light. Although, it's not strictly important to keep cider out of the light unless you're adding hops. Definitely would avoid direct sunlight though.
It's too hard to tell what it is from the picture. Probably dried yeast. I wouldn't worry unless you have something unusual floating on the surface of your cider.